Animal Boredom, Emotion and Pain: Making a little sense of the science for our patients

Within the last several years cognition and affect researchers have tried to understand the animal state better. Some studies show a more human-like perception of pain with an emotional state, while others refute this conclusion. We will learn how to interpret our patients based on the evidence we have from measured behavioral and biological outputs described in the literature for multiple species. We will delve into most current research on this topic and discuss our own conclusions based on what we see in practice.